Judges
In the ILO's assessment few of the job's tasks can be done by generative AI, or the scores are too spread out to reach gradient 1 — generative AI does not meaningfully take over the core of the work.
Exposure is not job loss: it shows how much of the work generative AI could do today. Whether that turns into transformation, productivity gains or cuts depends on employers, regulation — and on you.
0 = today’s generative AI cannot perform any of the job’s tasks, 100 = it could do all of them fully. The pale band is the spread across tasks.
Work out your own score ↓What can you do?
🤖 Written with AIThis text was written by artificial intelligence from the data points shown; it is built on verified figures but may contain mistakes.· 13/10/2026How is it made?
Judges have limited generative-AI exposure, scoring 31/100. Legal research and drafting may change most, while courtroom leadership remains largely human. Their broader occupational group is forecast to grow 5.3% by 2035.
What changes
- Accelerating legal research and preparing initial opinion drafts
- Supporting analysis of parties’ rights and obligations
- Drafting jury instructions on applicable points of law
What stays human
- Presiding over trials, hearings and courtroom proceedings
- Exercising judgment when weighing contested evidence
- Determining sentences, remedies and binding court orders
What to learn
- Verify AI-assisted research against authoritative legal sources
- Develop protocols for confidential and responsible AI use
- Strengthen oral reasoning, evidence assessment and courtroom leadership
Task by task
The ILO scored every task of the occupation separately, as the average of two AI models (GPT-4o and Gemini). The pale band is the range between the two models' scores, the dot the ILO's final score (for a few tasks expert review placed it outside the band).
- Researching legal issues and writing opinions on the issues.41
- Determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved, and, in cases tried by jury36
- Instructing the jury on points of law that are applicable to the case35
- Interpreting and enforcing rules of procedure and making rulings regarding the admissibility of evidence33
- Weighing and considering evidence in non-jury trials and deciding legal guilt or innocence or degree of liability of the accused or defendant33
- Passing sentence on persons convicted in criminal cases, determining damages or other appropriate remedy in civil cases and issuing court orders27
- Presiding over trials and hearings15
How much does it affect you?
Every job is different: mark which of these tasks you do and how much, and we'll compute your own, time-weighted score.
For each task: I don't do it · sometimes · most of my job.
- Researching legal issues and writing opinions on the issues.(41)
- Determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved, and, in cases tried by jury(36)
- Instructing the jury on points of law that are applicable to the case(35)
- Interpreting and enforcing rules of procedure and making rulings regarding the admissibility of evidence(33)
- Weighing and considering evidence in non-jury trials and deciding legal guilt or innocence or degree of liability of the accused or defendant(33)
- Passing sentence on persons convicted in criminal cases, determining damages or other appropriate remedy in civil cases and issuing court orders(27)
- Presiding over trials and hearings(15)
You are exactly at the occupation average. (The occupation's score: 31.)
About 0% of your working time goes to highly exposed tasks (score ≥ 50).
- • Researching legal issues and writing opinions on the issues.
- • Determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved, and, in cases tried by jury
- • Presiding over trials and hearings
- • Passing sentence on persons convicted in criminal cases, determining damages or other appropriate remedy in civil cases and issuing court orders
An estimate from the ILO task scores. Everything is computed in your browser — nothing is sent or stored.
How many people work in this occupational group?
Share of the Legal, social and cultural professionals group in total employment, by country (Eurostat, ISCO 2-digit — 4-digit breakdowns are not public by country).
Table view
| Country | Legal, social and cultural professionals |
|---|---|
| Luxembourg | 9.6% · 32 thousand · 2025 |
| Netherlands | 4.5% · 444 thousand · 2025 |
| Sweden | 4.3% · 227 thousand · 2025 |
| Croatia | 4.1% · 70 thousand · 2025 |
| Belgium | 3.8% · 197 thousand · 2025 |
| Denmark | 3.6% · 109 thousand · 2025 |
| Greece | 3.5% · 153 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovenia | 3.5% · 35 thousand · 2025 |
| Norway | 3.4% · 99 thousand · 2025 |
| United Kingdom | 3.4% · 1,162 thousand · 2025 |
| Lithuania | 3.3% · 49 thousand · 2025 |
| Germany | 3.3% · 1,412 thousand · 2025 |
| Finland | 3.3% · 86 thousand · 2025 |
| Hungary | 3.3% · 154 thousand · 2025 |
| France | 3.3% · 964 thousand · 2025 |
| Austria | 3.2% · 146 thousand · 2025 |
| Switzerland | 3.2% · 156 thousand · 2025 |
| Cyprus | 3.1% · 16 thousand · 2025 |
| Iceland | 3.1% · 7 thousand · 2025 |
| Spain | 3.1% · 695 thousand · 2025 |
| Estonia | 3.1% · 21 thousand · 2025 |
| Bulgaria | 3.1% · 90 thousand · 2025 |
| Portugal | 2.9% · 153 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovakia | 2.7% · 72 thousand · 2025 |
| Czechia | 2.6% · 136 thousand · 2025 |
| Italy | 2.5% · 601 thousand · 2025 |
| Latvia | 2.5% · 22 thousand · 2025 |
| Ireland | 2.4% · 68 thousand · 2025 |
| Poland | 2.2% · 386 thousand · 2025 |
| Malta | 1.9% · 6 thousand · 2025 |
| Romania | 1.9% · 147 thousand · 2025 |
What do they earn?
Mean gross monthly earnings in the major occupational group (Professionals). Eurostat's earnings survey only publishes pay by occupation at 1 digit, so this is the job's broader group. Enterprises with 10+ employees, 2022.
By country, at purchasing power parity (PPS/month), so countries with different price levels can be compared.
- Switzerland6,389
- Luxembourg5,274
- Ireland4,873
- Germany4,807
- Belgium4,799
- Denmark4,446
- Norway4,237
- Austria4,099
- Netherlands4,031
- Iceland3,875
- EU273,850
- France3,791
- Finland3,769
- Romania3,559
- Sweden3,416
- Spain3,413
- Slovenia3,326
- Italy3,305
- Cyprus3,271
- Lithuania3,221
- Croatia2,890
- Czechia2,871
- Malta2,825
- Poland2,783
- Hungary2,777
- Portugal2,755
- Latvia2,671
- Estonia2,599
- Bulgaria2,359
- Slovakia2,345
- Greece2,321
Source: Eurostat Structure of Earnings Survey (earn_ses22_21), every four years. The United Kingdom is not covered by the survey.
Outlook to 2035
Employment in the Legal, social and cultural professionals group according to Cedefop's 2026 forecast.
thousand · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · 2026–2035: projection
Replacement demand is the jobs left by people retiring or changing careers — even a shrinking occupation can have many openings.
Related occupations
Sources: ILO WP140 (2025) · Eurostat lfsa_egai2d · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · WEF Future of Jobs 2025 · ESCO. The exposure score measures how much of an occupation's tasks generative AI could perform — not whether the job disappears. For information only, not career advice. How do we calculate this?