Chefs
In the ILO's assessment few of the job's tasks can be done by generative AI, or the scores are too spread out to reach gradient 1 — generative AI does not meaningfully take over the core of the work.
Exposure is not job loss: it shows how much of the work generative AI could do today. Whether that turns into transformation, productivity gains or cuts depends on employers, regulation — and on you.
0 = today’s generative AI cannot perform any of the job’s tasks, 100 = it could do all of them fully. The pale band is the spread across tasks.
Work out your own score ↓What can you do?
The AI analysis for this occupation is still being prepared — the background process covers a few occupations every day.
Task by task
The ILO scored every task of the occupation separately, as the average of two AI models (GPT-4o and Gemini). The pale band is the range between the two models' scores, the dot the ILO's final score (for a few tasks expert review placed it outside the band).
- Planning and developing recipes and menus, estimating food and labour costs, and ordering food supplies38
- Discussing food preparation issues with managers, dieticians, kitchen and waiting staff28
- Participating on the recruitment of kitchen staff and monitoring their performance27
- Explaining and enforcing hygiene and food safety regulations.27
- Supervising and coordinating the activities of cooks and other workers engaged in food preparation26
- Instructing cooks and other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing and presentation of food24
- Inspecting supplies, equipment, and work areas to ensure conformity to established standards24
- Determining how food should be presented, and creating decorative food displays.22
- Monitoring quality of dishes at all stages of preparation and presentation18
- Preparing, seasoning and cooking speciality foods and complex dishes16
How much does it affect you?
Every job is different: mark which of these tasks you do and how much, and we'll compute your own, time-weighted score.
For each task: I don't do it · sometimes · most of my job.
- Planning and developing recipes and menus, estimating food and labour costs, and ordering food supplies(38)
- Discussing food preparation issues with managers, dieticians, kitchen and waiting staff(28)
- Participating on the recruitment of kitchen staff and monitoring their performance(27)
- Explaining and enforcing hygiene and food safety regulations.(27)
- Supervising and coordinating the activities of cooks and other workers engaged in food preparation(26)
- Instructing cooks and other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing and presentation of food(24)
- Inspecting supplies, equipment, and work areas to ensure conformity to established standards(24)
- Determining how food should be presented, and creating decorative food displays.(22)
- Monitoring quality of dishes at all stages of preparation and presentation(18)
- Preparing, seasoning and cooking speciality foods and complex dishes(16)
You are exactly at the occupation average. (The occupation's score: 25.)
About 0% of your working time goes to highly exposed tasks (score ≥ 50).
- • Planning and developing recipes and menus, estimating food and labour costs, and ordering food supplies
- • Discussing food preparation issues with managers, dieticians, kitchen and waiting staff
- • Preparing, seasoning and cooking speciality foods and complex dishes
- • Monitoring quality of dishes at all stages of preparation and presentation
An estimate from the ILO task scores. Everything is computed in your browser — nothing is sent or stored.
How many people work in this occupational group?
Share of the Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals group in total employment, by country (Eurostat, ISCO 2-digit — 4-digit breakdowns are not public by country).
Table view
| Country | Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals |
|---|---|
| Netherlands | 3.8% · 378 thousand · 2025 |
| United Kingdom | 3.6% · 1,235 thousand · 2025 |
| France | 3.5% · 1,039 thousand · 2025 |
| Finland | 3.3% · 84 thousand · 2025 |
| Switzerland | 2.9% · 139 thousand · 2025 |
| Malta | 2.6% · 9 thousand · 2025 |
| Luxembourg | 2.4% · 8 thousand · 2025 |
| Iceland | 2.3% · 5 thousand · 2025 |
| Ireland | 2.3% · 65 thousand · 2025 |
| Austria | 2.2% · 99 thousand · 2025 |
| Sweden | 2.2% · 115 thousand · 2025 |
| Hungary | 2.1% · 98 thousand · 2025 |
| Estonia | 1.9% · 14 thousand · 2025 |
| Norway | 1.9% · 55 thousand · 2025 |
| Belgium | 1.8% · 93 thousand · 2025 |
| Spain | 1.8% · 392 thousand · 2025 |
| Poland | 1.7% · 287 thousand · 2025 |
| Denmark | 1.6% · 50 thousand · 2025 |
| Lithuania | 1.5% · 23 thousand · 2025 |
| Portugal | 1.5% · 79 thousand · 2025 |
| Germany | 1.4% · 584 thousand · 2025 |
| Cyprus | 1.3% · 6 thousand · 2025 |
| Latvia | 1.3% · 11 thousand · 2025 |
| Italy | 1.2% · 296 thousand · 2025 |
| Greece | 1.2% · 53 thousand · 2025 |
| Czechia | 1.2% · 61 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovenia | 1.1% · 11 thousand · 2025 |
| Croatia | 0.9% · 15 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovakia | 0.9% · 22 thousand · 2025 |
| Bulgaria | 0.8% · 22 thousand · 2025 |
| Romania | 0.6% · 45 thousand · 2025 |
What do they earn?
Mean gross monthly earnings in the major occupational group (Technicians and associate professionals). Eurostat's earnings survey only publishes pay by occupation at 1 digit, so this is the job's broader group. Enterprises with 10+ employees, 2022.
By country, at purchasing power parity (PPS/month), so countries with different price levels can be compared.
- Switzerland5,280
- Luxembourg4,320
- Norway4,307
- Denmark4,301
- Ireland4,024
- Belgium3,903
- Iceland3,856
- Germany3,608
- Austria3,399
- Netherlands3,247
- EU273,226
- Italy3,127
- Sweden3,089
- Finland2,971
- France2,687
- Spain2,685
- Slovenia2,660
- Cyprus2,537
- Lithuania2,472
- Malta2,464
- Romania2,310
- Poland2,294
- Czechia2,275
- Estonia2,251
- Croatia2,127
- Latvia2,081
- Hungary2,054
- Greece2,050
- Portugal2,044
- Slovakia2,027
- Bulgaria1,738
Source: Eurostat Structure of Earnings Survey (earn_ses22_21), every four years. The United Kingdom is not covered by the survey.
Outlook to 2035
Employment in the Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals group according to Cedefop's 2026 forecast.
thousand · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · 2026–2035: projection
Replacement demand is the jobs left by people retiring or changing careers — even a shrinking occupation can have many openings.
Related occupations
Sources: ILO WP140 (2025) · Eurostat lfsa_egai2d · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · WEF Future of Jobs 2025 · ESCO. The exposure score measures how much of an occupation's tasks generative AI could perform — not whether the job disappears. For information only, not career advice. How do we calculate this?