General office clerks
Almost every task can be done with generative AI, with little uncertainty. This is where the change is biggest — and where switching makes most sense.
Exposure is not job loss: it shows how much of the work generative AI could do today. Whether that turns into transformation, productivity gains or cuts depends on employers, regulation — and on you.
0 = today’s generative AI cannot perform any of the job’s tasks, 100 = it could do all of them fully. The pale band is the spread across tasks.
Work out your own score ↓What can you do?
🤖 Written with AIThis text was written by artificial intelligence from the data points shown; it is built on verified figures but may contain mistakes.· 12/10/2026How is it made?
With an exposure score 60/100, general office clerks face heavy automation in routine transcription, invoicing, and drafting. While headcount edges down, nearly two million replacement openings keep the role vital for handling workplace exceptions and human coordination.
What changes
- Transcribing information, proofreading, and correcting copy will largely shift to automated text processing.
- Checking financial figures, generating invoices, and logging transaction details will be streamlined by software.
- Drafting routine office correspondence and standardized reports will increasingly be generated by AI assistants.
What stays human
- Handling physical office tasks like sorting physical mail, receiving parcels, and distributing staff equipment.
- Navigating sensitive customer enquiries, de-escalating frustrated callers, and resolving complex, non-standard workplace requests.
- Exercising practical judgment when verifying ambiguous records and resolving operational discrepancies across departments.
What to learn
- Mastering AI-driven administrative and office workflow tools to supervise automated data entry efficiently.
- Developing advanced interpersonal communication and conflict resolution skills for high-touch customer and staff support.
- Learning digital records management and basic financial auditing to verify automated transactions accurately.
Task by task
The ILO scored every task of the occupation separately, as the average of two AI models (GPT-4o and Gemini). The pale band is the range between the two models' scores, the dot the ILO's final score (for a few tasks expert review placed it outside the band).
- Transcribing information onto computers, and proofreading and correcting copy.71
- Checking figures, preparing invoices and recording details of financial transactions made69
- Preparing reports and correspondence of a routine nature65
- Responding to telephone or electronic enquiries or forwarding to appropriate person63
- Recording, preparing, sorting, classifying and filing information60
- Recording issue of equipment to staff56
- Photocopying and faxing documents54
- Sorting, opening and sending mail39
How much does it affect you?
Every job is different: mark which of these tasks you do and how much, and we'll compute your own, time-weighted score.
For each task: I don't do it · sometimes · most of my job.
- Transcribing information onto computers, and proofreading and correcting copy.(71)
- Checking figures, preparing invoices and recording details of financial transactions made(69)
- Preparing reports and correspondence of a routine nature(65)
- Responding to telephone or electronic enquiries or forwarding to appropriate person(63)
- Recording, preparing, sorting, classifying and filing information(60)
- Recording issue of equipment to staff(56)
- Photocopying and faxing documents(54)
- Sorting, opening and sending mail(39)
You are exactly at the occupation average. (The occupation's score: 60.)
About 88% of your working time goes to highly exposed tasks (score ≥ 50).
- • Transcribing information onto computers, and proofreading and correcting copy.
- • Checking figures, preparing invoices and recording details of financial transactions made
- • Sorting, opening and sending mail
- • Photocopying and faxing documents
An estimate from the ILO task scores. Everything is computed in your browser — nothing is sent or stored.
How many people work in this occupational group?
Share of the General and keyboard clerks group in total employment, by country (Eurostat, ISCO 2-digit — 4-digit breakdowns are not public by country).
Table view
| Country | General and keyboard clerks |
|---|---|
| Greece | 7.3% · 314 thousand · 2025 |
| Germany | 6.4% · 2,692 thousand · 2025 |
| Italy | 5.9% · 1,413 thousand · 2025 |
| Portugal | 5.2% · 273 thousand · 2025 |
| Switzerland | 5.1% · 245 thousand · 2025 |
| Austria | 4.4% · 200 thousand · 2025 |
| Cyprus | 4.3% · 22 thousand · 2025 |
| Malta | 3.7% · 12 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovakia | 3.7% · 96 thousand · 2025 |
| Poland | 3.6% · 617 thousand · 2025 |
| Denmark | 3.5% · 109 thousand · 2025 |
| France | 3.3% · 955 thousand · 2025 |
| Croatia | 2.9% · 49 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovenia | 2.8% · 28 thousand · 2025 |
| Belgium | 2.8% · 144 thousand · 2025 |
| Hungary | 2.8% · 131 thousand · 2025 |
| Spain | 2.3% · 521 thousand · 2025 |
| Czechia | 2.0% · 105 thousand · 2025 |
| Romania | 2.0% · 152 thousand · 2025 |
| Luxembourg | 1.9% · 6 thousand · 2025 |
| Norway | 1.8% · 52 thousand · 2025 |
| Netherlands | 1.5% · 147 thousand · 2025 |
| Bulgaria | 1.4% · 41 thousand · 2025 |
| Ireland | 1.2% · 34 thousand · 2025 |
| Finland | 1.2% · 31 thousand · 2025 |
| Latvia | 0.8% · 7 thousand · 2025 |
| Sweden | 0.8% · 43 thousand · 2025 |
| Iceland | 0.8% · 2 thousand · 2025 |
| United Kingdom | 0.7% · 238 thousand · 2025 |
| Lithuania | 0.7% · 10 thousand · 2025 |
| Estonia | 0.4% · 3 thousand · 2025 |
What do they earn?
Mean gross monthly earnings in the major occupational group (Clerical support workers). Eurostat's earnings survey only publishes pay by occupation at 1 digit, so this is the job's broader group. Enterprises with 10+ employees, 2022.
By country, at purchasing power parity (PPS/month), so countries with different price levels can be compared.
- Switzerland4,326
- Luxembourg3,358
- Denmark3,338
- Belgium3,291
- Norway3,160
- Germany2,927
- Ireland2,900
- Iceland2,825
- Austria2,768
- Netherlands2,680
- EU272,590
- Italy2,521
- Sweden2,451
- Finland2,386
- Spain2,121
- Slovenia2,111
- Malta2,089
- Lithuania2,049
- France2,018
- Croatia1,847
- Greece1,837
- Poland1,796
- Romania1,755
- Estonia1,740
- Czechia1,725
- Cyprus1,685
- Hungary1,682
- Latvia1,617
- Slovakia1,583
- Portugal1,421
- Bulgaria1,203
Source: Eurostat Structure of Earnings Survey (earn_ses22_21), every four years. The United Kingdom is not covered by the survey.
Outlook to 2035
Employment in the General and keyboard clerks group according to Cedefop's 2026 forecast.
thousand · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · 2026–2035: projection
Replacement demand is the jobs left by people retiring or changing careers — even a shrinking occupation can have many openings.
Sources: ILO WP140 (2025) · Eurostat lfsa_egai2d · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · WEF Future of Jobs 2025 · ESCO. The exposure score measures how much of an occupation's tasks generative AI could perform — not whether the job disappears. For information only, not career advice. How do we calculate this?