Driving instructors
In the ILO's assessment few of the job's tasks can be done by generative AI, or the scores are too spread out to reach gradient 1 — generative AI does not meaningfully take over the core of the work.
Exposure is not job loss: it shows how much of the work generative AI could do today. Whether that turns into transformation, productivity gains or cuts depends on employers, regulation — and on you.
0 = today’s generative AI cannot perform any of the job’s tasks, 100 = it could do all of them fully. The pale band is the spread across tasks.
Work out your own score ↓What can you do?
The AI analysis for this occupation is still being prepared — the background process covers a few occupations every day.
Task by task
The ILO scored every task of the occupation separately, as the average of two AI models (GPT-4o and Gemini). The pale band is the range between the two models' scores, the dot the ILO's final score (for a few tasks expert review placed it outside the band).
- Teaching road craft and road safety25
- Teaching road traffic regulations24
- Advising students when they are ready to undergo driving examination22
- Advising on and teaching advanced driving techniques required for emergency situations21
- Instructing students under actual driving conditions, and explaining and demonstrating the operation of brakes, clutch, gear selection, automatic transmission, signals and lights17
- Illustrating and explaining handling and mechanical operation of motor vehicles and driving techniques using blackboard diagrams and audiovisual aids.16
How much does it affect you?
Every job is different: mark which of these tasks you do and how much, and we'll compute your own, time-weighted score.
For each task: I don't do it · sometimes · most of my job.
- Teaching road craft and road safety(25)
- Teaching road traffic regulations(24)
- Advising students when they are ready to undergo driving examination(22)
- Advising on and teaching advanced driving techniques required for emergency situations(21)
- Instructing students under actual driving conditions, and explaining and demonstrating the operation of brakes, clutch, gear selection, automatic transmission, signals and lights(17)
- Illustrating and explaining handling and mechanical operation of motor vehicles and driving techniques using blackboard diagrams and audiovisual aids.(16)
You are exactly at the occupation average. (The occupation's score: 20.)
About 0% of your working time goes to highly exposed tasks (score ≥ 50).
- • Teaching road craft and road safety
- • Teaching road traffic regulations
- • Illustrating and explaining handling and mechanical operation of motor vehicles and driving techniques using blackboard diagrams and audiovisual aids.
- • Instructing students under actual driving conditions, and explaining and demonstrating the operation of brakes, clutch, gear selection, automatic transmission, signals and lights
An estimate from the ILO task scores. Everything is computed in your browser — nothing is sent or stored.
How many people work in this occupational group?
Share of the Personal service workers group in total employment, by country (Eurostat, ISCO 2-digit — 4-digit breakdowns are not public by country).
Table view
| Country | Personal service workers |
|---|---|
| Cyprus | 6.9% · 35 thousand · 2025 |
| Greece | 6.4% · 276 thousand · 2025 |
| Italy | 5.9% · 1,417 thousand · 2025 |
| Croatia | 5.9% · 100 thousand · 2025 |
| Austria | 5.8% · 259 thousand · 2025 |
| Latvia | 5.7% · 51 thousand · 2025 |
| Switzerland | 5.6% · 271 thousand · 2025 |
| Iceland | 5.5% · 13 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovakia | 5.5% · 142 thousand · 2025 |
| Czechia | 5.0% · 261 thousand · 2025 |
| Malta | 4.9% · 16 thousand · 2025 |
| Netherlands | 4.8% · 471 thousand · 2025 |
| Finland | 4.7% · 122 thousand · 2025 |
| Germany | 4.7% · 1,993 thousand · 2025 |
| Portugal | 4.6% · 240 thousand · 2025 |
| Spain | 4.5% · 1,007 thousand · 2025 |
| Norway | 4.5% · 131 thousand · 2025 |
| Bulgaria | 4.4% · 129 thousand · 2025 |
| Ireland | 4.4% · 123 thousand · 2025 |
| Hungary | 4.2% · 197 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovenia | 4.2% · 42 thousand · 2025 |
| Estonia | 4.1% · 28 thousand · 2025 |
| Romania | 3.9% · 300 thousand · 2025 |
| Denmark | 3.9% · 119 thousand · 2025 |
| Belgium | 3.8% · 197 thousand · 2025 |
| Lithuania | 3.7% · 55 thousand · 2025 |
| France | 3.5% · 1,032 thousand · 2025 |
| Luxembourg | 3.4% · 11 thousand · 2025 |
| Sweden | 3.2% · 170 thousand · 2025 |
| Poland | 2.9% · 496 thousand · 2025 |
| United Kingdom | 2.1% · 718 thousand · 2025 |
What do they earn?
Mean gross monthly earnings in the major occupational group (Service and sales workers). Eurostat's earnings survey only publishes pay by occupation at 1 digit, so this is the job's broader group. Enterprises with 10+ employees, 2022.
By country, at purchasing power parity (PPS/month), so countries with different price levels can be compared.
- Switzerland3,559
- Ireland2,981
- Iceland2,762
- Norway2,734
- Luxembourg2,698
- Belgium2,689
- Denmark2,619
- Germany2,310
- Sweden2,292
- Finland2,182
- Netherlands2,147
- Austria2,135
- EU272,105
- France2,099
- Italy2,088
- Slovenia1,822
- Malta1,773
- Spain1,759
- Lithuania1,577
- Czechia1,467
- Poland1,464
- Croatia1,458
- Greece1,421
- Cyprus1,410
- Slovakia1,403
- Romania1,372
- Hungary1,299
- Estonia1,266
- Portugal1,202
- Latvia1,186
- Bulgaria917
Source: Eurostat Structure of Earnings Survey (earn_ses22_21), every four years. The United Kingdom is not covered by the survey.
Outlook to 2035
Employment in the Personal service workers group according to Cedefop's 2026 forecast.
thousand · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · 2026–2035: projection
Replacement demand is the jobs left by people retiring or changing careers — even a shrinking occupation can have many openings.
Related occupations
Sources: ILO WP140 (2025) · Eurostat lfsa_egai2d · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · WEF Future of Jobs 2025 · ESCO. The exposure score measures how much of an occupation's tasks generative AI could perform — not whether the job disappears. For information only, not career advice. How do we calculate this?