Shoemakers and related workers
In the ILO's assessment few of the job's tasks can be done by generative AI, or the scores are too spread out to reach gradient 1 — generative AI does not meaningfully take over the core of the work.
Exposure is not job loss: it shows how much of the work generative AI could do today. Whether that turns into transformation, productivity gains or cuts depends on employers, regulation — and on you.
0 = today’s generative AI cannot perform any of the job’s tasks, 100 = it could do all of them fully. The pale band is the spread across tasks.
Work out your own score ↓What can you do?
The AI analysis for this occupation is still being prepared — the background process covers a few occupations every day.
Task by task
The ILO scored every task of the occupation separately, as the average of two AI models (GPT-4o and Gemini). The pale band is the range between the two models' scores, the dot the ILO's final score (for a few tasks expert review placed it outside the band).
- Studying drawings and other specifications to make footwear according to customer’s needs32
- Checking the texture, colour and strength of leather to ensure that it is adequate for a particular purpose26
- Studying work orders and/or shoe part tags to obtain information about workloads, specifications and the types of materials to be used23
- Attaching accessories or ornamentation to decorate or protect products17
- Removing and examining shoes, shoe parts and designs to verify conformance to specifications such as proper embedding of stitches in channels17
- Making, modifying and repairing standard footwear to meet individual requirements15
- Making, modifying and repairing orthopaedic or therapeutic footwear according to doctors' prescriptions, or modifying existing footwear for people with foot problems and special needs15
- Taking plaster casts of deformed legs or feet to prepare drawings14
- Preparing inserts, heel pads and lifts from casts of customers' feet14
- Cutting out, shaping and padding parts for making leather articles12
- Repairing belts, luggage, purses and similar products12
- Making and repairing articles such as saddles and harnesses for animals, luggage, handbags, brief-cases, leather bags, belts and other accessories.12
- Sewing rips or patching holes to repair articles, such as purses, belts, shoes and luggage11
How much does it affect you?
Every job is different: mark which of these tasks you do and how much, and we'll compute your own, time-weighted score.
For each task: I don't do it · sometimes · most of my job.
- Studying drawings and other specifications to make footwear according to customer’s needs(32)
- Checking the texture, colour and strength of leather to ensure that it is adequate for a particular purpose(26)
- Studying work orders and/or shoe part tags to obtain information about workloads, specifications and the types of materials to be used(23)
- Attaching accessories or ornamentation to decorate or protect products(17)
- Removing and examining shoes, shoe parts and designs to verify conformance to specifications such as proper embedding of stitches in channels(17)
- Making, modifying and repairing standard footwear to meet individual requirements(15)
- Making, modifying and repairing orthopaedic or therapeutic footwear according to doctors' prescriptions, or modifying existing footwear for people with foot problems and special needs(15)
- Taking plaster casts of deformed legs or feet to prepare drawings(14)
- Preparing inserts, heel pads and lifts from casts of customers' feet(14)
- Cutting out, shaping and padding parts for making leather articles(12)
- Repairing belts, luggage, purses and similar products(12)
- Making and repairing articles such as saddles and harnesses for animals, luggage, handbags, brief-cases, leather bags, belts and other accessories.(12)
- Sewing rips or patching holes to repair articles, such as purses, belts, shoes and luggage(11)
You are exactly at the occupation average. (The occupation's score: 17.)
About 0% of your working time goes to highly exposed tasks (score ≥ 50).
- • Studying drawings and other specifications to make footwear according to customer‚Äôs needs
- • Checking the texture, colour and strength of leather to ensure that it is adequate for a particular purpose
- • Sewing rips or patching holes to repair articles, such as purses, belts, shoes and luggage
- • Repairing belts, luggage, purses and similar products
An estimate from the ILO task scores. Everything is computed in your browser — nothing is sent or stored.
How many people work in this occupational group?
Share of the Food processing, wood working, garment and other craft and related trades workers group in total employment, by country (Eurostat, ISCO 2-digit — 4-digit breakdowns are not public by country).
Table view
| Country | Food processing, wood working, garment and other craft and related trades workers |
|---|---|
| Romania | 3.2% · 250 thousand · 2025 |
| Portugal | 2.9% · 150 thousand · 2025 |
| Latvia | 2.8% · 25 thousand · 2025 |
| Poland | 2.8% · 488 thousand · 2025 |
| Lithuania | 2.8% · 41 thousand · 2025 |
| Bulgaria | 2.7% · 80 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovakia | 2.6% · 69 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovenia | 2.5% · 25 thousand · 2025 |
| Italy | 2.5% · 590 thousand · 2025 |
| Hungary | 2.3% · 109 thousand · 2025 |
| Czechia | 2.1% · 112 thousand · 2025 |
| Greece | 1.9% · 82 thousand · 2025 |
| Estonia | 1.8% · 13 thousand · 2025 |
| Croatia | 1.7% · 30 thousand · 2025 |
| Ireland | 1.7% · 48 thousand · 2025 |
| Malta | 1.7% · 6 thousand · 2025 |
| France | 1.6% · 458 thousand · 2025 |
| Spain | 1.5% · 343 thousand · 2025 |
| Germany | 1.5% · 636 thousand · 2025 |
| Austria | 1.5% · 66 thousand · 2025 |
| Belgium | 1.2% · 60 thousand · 2025 |
| Iceland | 1.2% · 3 thousand · 2025 |
| Switzerland | 1.1% · 54 thousand · 2025 |
| Cyprus | 1.0% · 5 thousand · 2025 |
| Netherlands | 0.8% · 78 thousand · 2025 |
| Finland | 0.8% · 21 thousand · 2025 |
| United Kingdom | 0.6% · 211 thousand · 2025 |
| Denmark | 0.5% · 16 thousand · 2025 |
| Sweden | 0.5% · 25 thousand · 2025 |
| Norway | 0.4% · 12 thousand · 2025 |
What do they earn?
Mean gross monthly earnings in the major occupational group (Craft and related trades workers). Eurostat's earnings survey only publishes pay by occupation at 1 digit, so this is the job's broader group. Enterprises with 10+ employees, 2022.
By country, at purchasing power parity (PPS/month), so countries with different price levels can be compared.
- Switzerland4,098
- Iceland3,826
- Denmark3,666
- Norway3,260
- Belgium2,979
- Germany2,859
- Luxembourg2,760
- Sweden2,733
- Netherlands2,717
- Austria2,715
- Finland2,711
- EU272,364
- Italy2,314
- Ireland2,200
- Spain2,124
- France2,122
- Malta2,032
- Slovenia2,012
- Lithuania2,008
- Greece1,799
- Estonia1,795
- Poland1,787
- Czechia1,781
- Cyprus1,751
- Romania1,734
- Hungary1,684
- Latvia1,680
- Slovakia1,672
- Croatia1,505
- Portugal1,285
- Bulgaria1,217
Source: Eurostat Structure of Earnings Survey (earn_ses22_21), every four years. The United Kingdom is not covered by the survey.
Outlook to 2035
Employment in the Food processing, wood working, garment and other craft and related trades workers group according to Cedefop's 2026 forecast.
thousand · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · 2026–2035: projection
Replacement demand is the jobs left by people retiring or changing careers — even a shrinking occupation can have many openings.
Related occupations
Sources: ILO WP140 (2025) · Eurostat lfsa_egai2d · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · WEF Future of Jobs 2025 · ESCO. The exposure score measures how much of an occupation's tasks generative AI could perform — not whether the job disappears. For information only, not career advice. How do we calculate this?