Shelf fillers
In the ILO's assessment few of the job's tasks can be done by generative AI, or the scores are too spread out to reach gradient 1 — generative AI does not meaningfully take over the core of the work.
Exposure is not job loss: it shows how much of the work generative AI could do today. Whether that turns into transformation, productivity gains or cuts depends on employers, regulation — and on you.
0 = today’s generative AI cannot perform any of the job’s tasks, 100 = it could do all of them fully. The pale band is the spread across tasks.
Work out your own score ↓What can you do?
The AI analysis for this occupation is still being prepared — the background process covers a few occupations every day.
Task by task
The ILO scored every task of the occupation separately, as the average of two AI models (GPT-4o and Gemini). The pale band is the range between the two models' scores, the dot the ILO's final score (for a few tasks expert review placed it outside the band).
- Directing customers to location of articles sought44
- Noting what has been sold and collecting goods needed from the stockroom27
- Placing goods neatly in bins and on racks, and stacking bulky goods on floors17
- Obtaining articles for customers from shelf or stockroom16
- Maintaining shelf order by removing stock belonging in a different location15
- Receiving, opening, unpacking, and inspecting for damage merchandise from manufacturer or distributor.15
- Filling shelves with goods ensuring goods with the earliest use-by dates are at the front of shelves15
- Removing goods with past due use-by dates15
How much does it affect you?
Every job is different: mark which of these tasks you do and how much, and we'll compute your own, time-weighted score.
For each task: I don't do it · sometimes · most of my job.
- Directing customers to location of articles sought(44)
- Noting what has been sold and collecting goods needed from the stockroom(27)
- Placing goods neatly in bins and on racks, and stacking bulky goods on floors(17)
- Obtaining articles for customers from shelf or stockroom(16)
- Maintaining shelf order by removing stock belonging in a different location(15)
- Receiving, opening, unpacking, and inspecting for damage merchandise from manufacturer or distributor.(15)
- Filling shelves with goods ensuring goods with the earliest use-by dates are at the front of shelves(15)
- Removing goods with past due use-by dates(15)
You are exactly at the occupation average. (The occupation's score: 20.)
About 0% of your working time goes to highly exposed tasks (score ≥ 50).
- • Directing customers to location of articles sought
- • Noting what has been sold and collecting goods needed from the stockroom
- • Filling shelves with goods ensuring goods with the earliest use-by dates are at the front of shelves
- • Removing goods with past due use-by dates
An estimate from the ILO task scores. Everything is computed in your browser — nothing is sent or stored.
How many people work in this occupational group?
Share of the Labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport group in total employment, by country (Eurostat, ISCO 2-digit — 4-digit breakdowns are not public by country).
Table view
| Country | Labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport |
|---|---|
| Latvia | 5.4% · 48 thousand · 2025 |
| Romania | 4.6% · 356 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovenia | 4.1% · 40 thousand · 2025 |
| Denmark | 3.8% · 116 thousand · 2025 |
| Lithuania | 3.7% · 54 thousand · 2025 |
| Spain | 3.5% · 786 thousand · 2025 |
| Netherlands | 3.5% · 345 thousand · 2025 |
| Bulgaria | 3.3% · 95 thousand · 2025 |
| Hungary | 2.8% · 130 thousand · 2025 |
| Germany | 2.8% · 1,165 thousand · 2025 |
| Austria | 2.7% · 123 thousand · 2025 |
| United Kingdom | 2.6% · 902 thousand · 2025 |
| Slovakia | 2.5% · 65 thousand · 2025 |
| Estonia | 2.5% · 17 thousand · 2025 |
| Ireland | 2.4% · 67 thousand · 2025 |
| Czechia | 2.3% · 122 thousand · 2025 |
| Iceland | 2.3% · 5 thousand · 2025 |
| Finland | 2.3% · 59 thousand · 2025 |
| France | 2.3% · 666 thousand · 2025 |
| Italy | 2.1% · 494 thousand · 2025 |
| Cyprus | 2.0% · 10 thousand · 2025 |
| Malta | 2.0% · 7 thousand · 2025 |
| Belgium | 1.9% · 100 thousand · 2025 |
| Switzerland | 1.9% · 93 thousand · 2025 |
| Portugal | 1.8% · 93 thousand · 2025 |
| Croatia | 1.6% · 28 thousand · 2025 |
| Greece | 1.6% · 70 thousand · 2025 |
| Poland | 1.3% · 228 thousand · 2025 |
| Sweden | 0.9% · 46 thousand · 2025 |
| Norway | 0.6% · 17 thousand · 2025 |
What do they earn?
Mean gross monthly earnings in the major occupational group (Elementary occupations). Eurostat's earnings survey only publishes pay by occupation at 1 digit, so this is the job's broader group. Enterprises with 10+ employees, 2022.
By country, at purchasing power parity (PPS/month), so countries with different price levels can be compared.
- Switzerland3,328
- Denmark2,741
- Iceland2,731
- Norway2,674
- Belgium2,613
- Ireland2,273
- Luxembourg2,269
- Sweden2,059
- Austria1,998
- Finland1,979
- Germany1,973
- Italy1,928
- France1,870
- EU271,835
- Netherlands1,710
- Spain1,658
- Slovenia1,626
- Malta1,498
- Poland1,413
- Greece1,378
- Lithuania1,349
- Cyprus1,331
- Romania1,288
- Croatia1,241
- Czechia1,218
- Estonia1,181
- Slovakia1,165
- Latvia1,119
- Portugal1,102
- Hungary1,057
- Bulgaria844
Source: Eurostat Structure of Earnings Survey (earn_ses22_21), every four years. The United Kingdom is not covered by the survey.
Outlook to 2035
Employment in the Labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport group according to Cedefop's 2026 forecast.
thousand · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · 2026–2035: projection
Replacement demand is the jobs left by people retiring or changing careers — even a shrinking occupation can have many openings.
Related occupations
Sources: ILO WP140 (2025) · Eurostat lfsa_egai2d · Cedefop Skills Forecast 2026 · WEF Future of Jobs 2025 · ESCO. The exposure score measures how much of an occupation's tasks generative AI could perform — not whether the job disappears. For information only, not career advice. How do we calculate this?